Translator's note signed: Henrietta Szold. CONTENTS.- In Italy. Moses Hayyim Luzzatto.- In Germany. The Meassefim.- In Poland and Austria. The Galician school.- In Lithuania. Humanism in Russia.- The romantic movement. Abraham Mapu.- The emancipation movement. The realists.- The conflict with Rabbinism. Judah Leon Gordon.- Reformers and conservatives. The two extremes.- The national progressive movement. Perez Smolenskin.- The contributors to Ha-Shahar.- The novels of Smolenskin.- Contemporaneous literature.- Conclusion.